Gigabyte A75M-UD2H FM1 Llano Motherboard Review

As we already know, Bulldozer is what everyone is waiting for, but on the way saw a couple of stop gaps for AMD Fusion, the first being Brazos which gave us a low-powered APU that combined the best of both CPU and GPU and still to this date, we believe is perfect for HTPC or server usage. In fact, we believe that so much that we have the Asus E35M1-M Pro powering our server, whilst the Gigabyte E350N-USB3 sits comfortably in our HTPC so we certainly found a use for them.

Next step before Bulldozer comes along, was to give the CPU performance of today, with the added ability of GPU functionality and that's where Llano and the LYNX platform comes into play.

We already took at look at the F1A75-M Pro from Asus and whilst we were happy with the overall outcome, the pricing could have been a major factor. Now that the official launch has settled and retailers are stocking the boards and processors, we are keen to see how Gigabyte's offering of the A75M-UD2H will perform, and based off the price, it's already won in that department.

APU	FM1 Socket: AMD A series & E2 series processors (Please refer "CPU Support List" for more information.)
Chipset	AMD A75 chipset
Memory	4 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets supporting up to 32 GB of system memory (Note 1) Dual channel memory architecture Support for DDR3 1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz memory modules (Note 2) (Please refer "Memory Support List" for more information.)
Onboard Graphics	APU: 1 x D-Sub port 1 x DVI-D port, supporting a maximum resolution of 2560x1600 (Note 3) (Note 4) 1 x HDMI port, supporting a maximum resolution of 1920x1200 1 x DisplayPort, supporting a maximum resolution of 2560x1600 (All integrated graphics ports do not support Hot plug. If you want to change to another graphics port when the computer is on, be sure to turn off the computer first.)
Audio	Realtek ALC889 codec High Definition Audio 2/4/5.1/7.1-channel Support for Dolby® Home Theater Support for S/PDIF Out
LAN	1 x Realtek RTL8111E chip (10/100/1000 Mbit)
Expansion Slots	1 x PCI Express x16 slot, running at x16 (PCIEX16) (Note 5) 1 x PCI Express x16 slot, running at x4 (PCIEX4) 1 x PCI Express x1 slot (All PCI Express slots conform to the PCI Express 2.0 standard.) 1 x PCI slot
Multi-Graphics Technology	Support for AMD Dual Graphics technology Only A series APU support AMD Dual Graphics. Support for AMD CrossFireX technology
Storage Interface	Chipset: 5 x SATA 6Gb/s connectors supporting up to 5 SATA 6Gb/s devices 1 x eSATA 6Gb/s port on the back panel supporting up to 1 SATA 6Gb/s device (Note 6) Support for RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10, and JBOD
USB	Chipset: Up to 8 USB 2.0/1.1 ports (4 ports on the back panel, 4 ports available through the internal USB headers) Up to 4 USB 3.0/2.0 ports (2 ports on the back panel, 2 ports available through the internal USB header)
IEEE 1394	VIA VT6308 chip: Up to 2 IEEE 1394a ports (1 on the back panel, 1 port available through the internal IEEE 1394a header)
Internal I/O Connectors	1 x 24-pin ATX main power connector 1 x 4-pin ATX 12V power connector 5 x SATA 6Gb/s connectors 1 x APU fan header 1 x system fan header 1 x power fan header 1 x front panel header 1 x front panel audio header 1 x S/PDIF Out header 2 x USB 2.0/1.1 headers 1 x USB 3.0/2.0 header 1 x IEEE 1394a header 1 x serial port header 1 x parallel port header 1 x Trusted Platform Module (TPM) header 1 x clearing CMOS jumper
Back Panel Connectors	1 x PS/2 keyboard/mouse port 1 x D-Sub port 1 x DVI-D port 1 x HDMI port 1 x DisplayPort 1 x optical S/PDIF Out connector 4 x USB 2.0/1.1 ports 2 x USB 3.0/2.0 ports 1 x eSATA 6Gb/s port 1 x RJ-45 port 6 x audio jacks (Center/Subwoofer Speaker Out/Rear Speaker Out/Side Speaker Out/Line In/Line Out/Microphone)
I/O Controller	iTE IT8720 chip
H/W Monitoring	System voltage detection APU/System temperature detection APU/System fan speed detection APU overheating warning APU/System fan fail warning APU/System fan speed control (Note 7)
BIOS	2 x 32 Mbit flash Use of licensed AWARD BIOS Support for DualBIOS™ PnP 1.0a, DMI 2.0, SM BIOS 2.4, ACPI 1.0b
Unique Features	Support for @BIOS Support for Q-Flash Support for Xpress BIOS Rescue Support for Download Center Support for Xpress Install Support for Xpress Recovery2 Support for EasyTune (Note 8) Support for Smart Recovery Support for Auto Green Support for ON/OFF Charge Support for 3TB+ Unlock Support for Q-Share
Bundle Software	Norton Internet Security (OEM version)
Operating System	Support for Microsoft® Windows 7/Vista/XP
Form Factor	Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 24.4cm
Note	(Note 1) Due to Windows 32-bit operating system limitation, when more than 4 GB of physical memory is installed, the actual memory size displayed will be less than 4 GB. (Note 2) The 1866 MHz memory speed is supported only when one or two DDR3 1866 MHz DIMMs are installed. It is not supported when four DIMMs are installed. (Dual channel memory mode must be enabled when installing two DIMMs.) (Note 3) The DVI-D port does not support D-Sub connection by adapter. (Note 4) The resolution of 2560x1600 is supported only when Dual Link DVI mode is enabled. (Note 5) For optimum performance, if only one PCI Express graphics card is to be installed, be sure to install it in the PCIEX16 slot. (Note 6) Actual transfer rate is dependent on the device being connected. (Note 7) Whether the APU/system fan speed control function is supported will depend on the APU/system cooler you install. (Note 8) Available functions in EasyTune may differ by motherboard model.
Remark	Due to different Linux support condition provided by chipset vendors, please download Linux driver from chipset vendors' website or 3rd party website. Most hardware/software vendors no longer offer support for Win9X/ME/2000/XP SP1/SP2. If drivers are available from the vendors, we will update them on the GIGABYTE website.

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USRobotics introduces USB 3.0 Card Reader with dual SD slots

USRobotics has added to its line of USB 3.0 products that currently includes a 4-port USB 3.0 Hub, 2-Port ExpressCard Adapter and 2-Port PCI Express Card Adapter, with the introduction of its USR8420 All-in-One USB 3.0 Card Reader/Writer. The company claims the device is the first USB 3.0 card reader that allows data to be read from each of its five card slots simultaneously and is also the first to offer dual SD, MMC and Memory Stick slots.

The unit's five slots include one SD, one SD/MMC/Memory Stick, one Compact Flash, one Memory Stick, and one SmartMedia slot. With the ability to transfer data at speeds up to 10 times faster than USB 2.0 readers, USRobotics points out the read speeds using the new reader are currently limited only by the capabilities of the cards themselves, with each slot detecting the native speed of the inserted card to transfer data at the card's maximum rate.

Compatible with Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems, the USR8420 supports new card formats such as SDHC with UHS, CF with UDMA, SDXC, and MSXC. It is also hot swappable and backwards compatible with USB 2.0/1.1 ports.

The USR8420 All-in-One USB 3.0 Card Reader/Writer retails for US$39.99

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AMD Radeon 6990HD the fastest GPU till date

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.'s (AMD) Fusion processors may be stealing the spotlight, but AMD is determined to show gamers that it still wants to give them a whole lot of love.  With Radeon 6990 being arguably the king of single-card desktop graphics performance today, AMD has unleashed a powerful mobile GPU that it claims is "the world's fastest notebook GPU." The chip is named the Rade

on 6990. 

This GPU will pack 1.7 billion transistors onto the die and feature a clock speed of 715MHz. Combine this with 1,120 stream processors and up to 2GB of GDDR5 RAM clocked at 900MHz and you have a piece of silicon capable of 1.6 TFLOPs of compute power, and over 115GB/s of memory bandwidth.

“There’s always been a belief that when it comes to mobile computing you need to make performance compromises. Today AMD demolishes that myth,” said Matt Skynner, corporate vice president and general manager, GPU division, AMD. “The AMD Radeon HD 6990M GPU, which not only packs AMD Eyefinity technology with unprecedented specs, also provides full Microsoft DirectX 11 and Stereo 3D support. Bottom line, this processor is epic and it’s here — now.”

Though GPU specifically focuses on gaming, it does support up to six displays. There's OpenCL support and AMD's HD3D technology for stereoscopic 3D. Depending on laptop vendor choices the Radeon HD6990M can output through dual-link DVI, Displayport 1.2, HDMI 1.4a and even D-Sub, insiders informed

AMD offers up some impressive benchmarks for this silicone (note that these are AMD’s own benchmarks and not externally verified). Here is the HD 6990M up against NVIDIA’s 580M running at at 1920×1080:

• 26.82^ faster in ET: Quake Wars (8xAA/16xAF)
• 23.69% faster in Dragon Age 2 (4xAA/16xAF)
• 16.59% faster in Wolfenstein MP (8xAA/16xAF)

Systems based around the HD 6990M will include the Alienware M18x, Clevo X7200, P170HM, P150HM, and various systems from Eurocom.

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CRM Solutions and Services

CRM Solutions

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solutions help you to manage your customers more efficiently in an increasingly competitive market where maintaining long-term relationships with your customers is often a difficult and complex process. Rose India custom CRM solutions help you to build long lasting relationships with your clients thus assuring long-term revenues from steady customers.

Features of Rose India custom CRM Solutions and Services:

• Our CRM solutions help in keeping your customer satisfaction at highest levels
•  Rose India CRM solutions meet the needs of both small and large-scale enterprises
• Rose India CRM solutions help you in attracting new customers, meeting their needs and retaining them over long period of time by enhancing customer loyalty
• You can do more through our CRM solutions by gaining fresh insight into your customer's needs and drives thus helping you to offer enhanced services

Rose India CRM solutions are tailored to meet your customer's ever changing needs while maintaining the robust quality of your products and services always. All the said targets are achieved by implementing the following CRM principles:

Identifying CRM targets

Rose India CRM solutions begin by identifying realistic CRM goals and targets for your company. This is achieved after analysing your company vision, values and organisational objectives to ensure our CRM solutions are in complete harmony with your company philosophy and objectives.

Customer is King

Many CRM approaches focus on all matters except the customer resulting in success in other areas like increased profitability or better inter-departmental communication, but fail to enhance the customer experience, the primary objective of any CRM solution. At Rose India we strongly believe in the motto that customer is king and accordingly keep you customers at the centre of all our CRM solutions.

Staggered approach

We follow a staggered approach to CRM solutions. A phased approach is not necessarily cautious rather it helps us improvise with time by gauging customer reactions to our CRM strategies.

Harmonising CRM with company aims

Rose India believes that CRM cannot really succeed unless it helps meet the core company targets whatever they may be, like increasing profitability, cutting costs or retaining the customer base.

hange Adaptability

Like any quality CRM solution, our custom CRM solutions are designed to meet the dynamic needs of the changing environment and our strategies and their implementation change as the situation changes.

Data Aggregation

Rose India CRM solutions collects consolidated data, corrects and organizes it before feeding the data into the system. This process enables easy access to the data whenever it is needed.

Flexible options

What use is a CRM solution that doesn't provide flexibility to your customers? Too rigid an approach leads to customer dissatisfaction and thus failure of the CRM solutions. Our custom CRM solutions avoid such pitfalls by providing sufficient space for customer needs and demands.

Well rounded approach

CRM to be truly successful should collate all available information about a customer and organize it in easy accessible manner. We follow this approach and more. We not just collect the data and organize it, rather we also make it available to all employees concerned so that customer satisfaction is enhanced manifold through Rose India CRM solutions.

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Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP )

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

ERP denotes Enterprise Resource Planning that is a technique of using computer machinery to connect diverse functions like accounting, inventory control, and human resources of any company as a whole. ERP is planned to aid information sharing, business planning, and decision making on a broad business basis. Emerging from the manufacturing industry, ERP entails the use of packaged software rather than proprietary software written by or for one customer. ERP elements may be able to fetch into any organization's own software with varying degrees of attempt, and, depending on the software, ERP modules may be adjustable via the vendor's proprietary tools as well as proprietary or standard programming languages.

An ERP system can include software for manufacturing, order entry, accounts receivable and payable, general ledger, purchasing, warehousing, transportation and human resources. The major ERP vendors are SAP, PeopleSoft, Oracle, Baan and J.D. Edwards. ERPs incorporate all data and processes of any business firm into a unified system. A typical ERP system will use several composite of computer software and hardware to achieve the blend. A sole factor of most ERP systems is the use of a cohesive database to store data for the diverse system elements.

Origin of the phrase

The phrase ERP formerly obscure systems intended to plan the use of enterprise-wide resources. Though the acronym ERP derived from the manufacturing environment, but nowadays it has much broader scope in the today's business era. ERP systems usually try to meet entire fundamental task of an organization, despite of the organization's business or charter. Corporate, non-profit firms, non-governmental organizations, governments, and other large entities employ ERP systems.

Besides these, an ERP system would only need to provide functionality in a single package that would generally be covered by two or more systems. Precisely, a software package that offers both payroll and accounting jobs would be measured an ERP software package.

Even though, this word is characteristically reticent for bigger and gigantic applications. The prologue of an ERP system to swap two or more independent applications purge the need for external fetches earlier needed between systems, and granted additional benefits that range from equivalence and lower continuation to ease or boost reporting capabilities like all data is usually kept in a single database. The ERP that earlier used as stand-alone applications include: Manufacturing, Supply Chain, Financials, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Human Resources, Warehouse Management and Decision Support System.

Synopsis

Some business groups normally those with ample in-house IT skills to amalgamate multiple software products, select to execute only applicable part of an ERP system and develop an external boundary to other ERP or stand-alone systems for their other application requirements. This is widespread in the trade sector where even a mid-sized vendor will have a distinct Point-of-Sale (POS) product and financials application, then a series of specialized applications to handle business needs like warehouse management, staff management, merchandising and logistics.

Usually, ERP distributes a single database that contains all data including in it, the inclusion lists are:

Production Department

Engineering, Bills of Material, Scheduling, Capacity, Workflow Management, Quality Control, Cost Management, Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Projects, Manufacturing Flow Supply Chain Management Inventory, Order Entry, Purchasing, Product Configurator, Supply Chain Planning, Supplier Scheduling, Inspection of goods, Claim Processing, Commission Calculation Financials General Ledger, Cash Management, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Fixed Assets Projects Costing, Billing, Time and Expense, Activity Management Human Resources Human Resources, Payroll, Training, Time & Attendance, Benefits Customer Relationship Management Sales and Marketing, Commissions, Service, Customer Contact and Call Center support Data Warehouse Several Self-Service interfaces for Customers, Suppliers, and Employees .

Enterprise Resource Planning is a phrase initially coined from manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) that pursued material requirements planning (MRP). MRP developed into ERP when transporting became crucial part of the software architecture and a company's aptitude planning activity also became an integral part of the standard software activity. ERP systems generally hold the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, and inventory, shipping, invoicing, and accounting for a company. Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP software can support to control a wide range of business activities, like sales, marketing, delivery, billing, production, inventory management, quality management, and human resource management. ERPs are frequently mistakenly called back office systems signifying that customers and the general public are not directly indulge. This is distinguished with front office systems such as customer relationship management (CRM) systems, which deal directly with the customers, or the eBusiness systems such as eCommerce, eGovernment, eTelecom, and eFinance, or supplier relationship management (SRM) systems.

ERPs are cross-performer and business wide software. All handy departments that indulge in operations or production are included in one system. In addition to manufacturing, warehousing, logistics, and Information Technology, this would include accounting, human resources, marketing, and strategic management.

Before evaluation of ERP

Before evolving the concept of ERP systems, there were different departments within an organization like Human Resources (HR) department, the Payroll (PR) department, and the Financials department and each of them must had to own computer systems. The HR computer system (also called HRMS or HRIS) would usually contain information on the department, reporting structure, and personal details of employees. The PR department would generally calculate and store paycheck information. The Financials department would typically store financial transactions for the organization that means each system would have to trust on a set of common data to communicate with each other. For the HRIS to send salary information to the PR system, an employee number is essential to be allotted and the rest data between the two systems to precisely identify an employee. The Financials system was not interested in the employee level data, but only the payouts made by the PR systems like Tax payments to several authorities, payments for member of staff and so on that created complications e.g. a person could not be paid in the Payroll system without an employee number.

After that

After emerging the ERP software the trends become differently change. In this software ERP combined the data of formerly separate applications. This made the agony of keeping numbers in synchronization across multiple systems disappears. It standardized and reduced the number of software specialties needed within bigger business groups.

Best Practices

Best Practices were also a beneficial for implementing an ERP system. When user employ an ERP system, organizations basically had to choose between customizing the software and modifying their business processes to the "Best Practice" functionality delivered in the vanilla version of the software.

Generally, the delivery of best practice applies more usefully for bigger organizations and especially where there is conformity needs like IFRS, or where the process is commodity such as electronic funds transfer. This is due to the procedure of capturing and reporting legislative or commodity content that can be willingly codified within the ERP software, and then replicated with confidence across multiple businesses that have the same business requirement.

Where such an observance or commodity constraint does not emphasize the business process, it can be disputed that determining and applying a best practice actually erodes competitive advantage by homogenizing the business compared to everyone else in their industry sector.

Implementation

ERP application has been used in a wide range of business services that's why it covers most probably all enterprise business. To make capable for all enterprise business, it becomes very complex and mostly asks significant changes according to business requirement and business needs. Implementing ERP software is an extremely tough job and many times it proves cost effective if specialist ERP implementation consultants are used. The running and processing time of the ERP system depends upon the size of the business, the scope of the change and willingness of the customer to take ownership for the project. The crucial phase of any ERP implementation is that the company, which purchases the ERP product, takes ownership of the project. For implementing ERP systems, companies usually need the ERP vendor help or the third-party consulting companies for getting the services of Consulting, Customization and Support.

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Understanding PC Buses

A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware components in order to communicate with one another. 

The purpose of buses is to reduce the number of "pathways" needed for communication between the components, by carrying out all communications over a single data channel. This is why the metaphor of a "data highway" is sometimes used. 

Basically, it's the conduit used by your entire system to communicate with the CPU. A bus is a collection of wires and connectors through which the data is transmitted. When used in reference to personal computers, the term bus usually refers to what is commonly called the local bus (on older systems) or system bus (on newer systems). This bus is considered the first bus on the electronic highway and it connects the CPU to the main memory (RAM) on the motherboard. All buses consist of two parts -- an address bus and a data bus. The data bus transfers actual data whereas the address bus transfers information about the data and where it should go. The address bus is used to identify particular locations (addresses) in main memory. The width of the address bus (that is, the number of wires) determines how many unique memory locations can be addressed. Modern PCs and Macs have as many as 36 address lines, which enables them theoretically to access 64 GB of main memory. However, the actual amount of memory that can be accessed is usually much less than this theoretical limit due to chipset and motherboard limitations. The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. The bus size actually indicates the number of wires in the bus. For example, a 32-bit bus has 32 wires or connectors that transmit 32 bits simultaneously (referred to as  in parallel). It would be considered "32-bits wide." A 16-bit bus has 16 wires or connectors that can transmit 16 bits of data in parallel. You would say it is "16-bits wide."

In reality, each bus is generally constituted of 50 to 100 distinct physical lines, divided into three subassemblies:

• The address bus (sometimes called the memory bus) transports memory addresses which the processor wants to access in order to read or write data. It is a unidirectional bus.
• The data bus transfers instructions coming from or going to the processor. It is a bidirectional bus.
• The control bus (or command bus) transports orders and synchonisation signals coming from the control unit and travelling to all other hardware components. It is a bidirectional bus, as it also transmits response signals from the hardware.

The chipset

A chipset is the component which routes data between the computer's buses, so that all the components which make up the computer can communicate with each other. The chipset originally was made up of a large number of electronic chips, hence the name. It generally has two components:

• The NorthBridge (also called the memory controller) is in charge of controlling transfers between the processor and the RAM, which is way it is located physically near the processor. It is sometimes called the GMCH, forr Graphic and Memory Controller Hub.
• The SouthBridge (also called the input/output controller or expansion controller) handles communications between peripheral devices. It is also called the ICH (I/O Controller Hub). The tembridge is generally used to designate a component which connects two buses.

It is interesting to note that, in order to communicate, two buses must have the same width. The explains why RAM modules sometimes have to be installed in pairs (for example, early Pentium chips, whose processor buses were 64-bit, required two memory modules each 32 bits wide). 

System Bus & I/O Bus

On older computers, the local bus, which was the only bus, was used for the CPU, RAM and I/O (input/output) components. All components on the local bus used the same clock speed. In the late 80s we saw the separation of the system bus from the I/O bus allowing them to run at different speeds.

The system bus (also called the frontside bus, memory bus, local bus or host bus) is what connects the CPU to main memory on the motherboard. I/O buses are those that connect the CPU and RAM with all other components, and the I/O buses branch off of the system bus. I/O buses operate on a speed which is lower than the system bus speed. PCs offer several types of I/O buses which include the ISA bus, PCI bus, AGP bus and USB bus.

ISA Bus & PCI Bus

Short for Industry Standard Architecture bus, the ISA bus architecture was used in the IBM PC/XT and PC/AT. The AT version of the bus is called the AT bus and became a de facto industry standard. Starting in the early 90s, ISA began to be replaced by the PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) local bus architecture. The PCI standard was developed by Intel Corp. On modern PCs, the PCI bus is the central (or main) I/O bus. It's used for connecting adapters such as hard disks, sound cards, network cards and graphics cards (although now AGP is more common for 3-D graphics). PCI is a 64-bit bus, though it is usually implemented as a 32-bit bus, and it can run at clock speeds of 33 or 66 MHz. At 32-bits and 33 MHz, it yields a throughput rate of 133 MBps (at 66 MHz 266 MBps). The vast majority of today's PCs implement a PCI bus that runs at a maximum speed of 33 MHz.

PCI 2.1

Also called PCI-X 2.0, the PCI bus specification version 2.1 calls for expandability to 64-bits and 66 MHz speed, yielding a throughput rate of 532 MBps.

AGP Bus

Short for Accelerated Graphics Port, an interface specification developed by Intel Corporation. AGP is based on PCI, but is designed especially for the throughput demands of 3-D graphics. Rather than using the PCI bus for graphics data, AGP introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel so that the graphics controller can directly access main memory. The AGP channel is 32-bits wide and runs at 66 MHz. This translates into a total bandwidth of 266 MBps, as opposed to the PCI bandwidth of 133 MBps. AGP also supports optional faster modes and allows 3-D textures to be stored in main memory rather than video memory.

USB Bus

Short for Universal Serial Bus, an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging.

USB 2.0

Also referred to as Hi-Speed USB, USB 2.0 is an external bus that supports data rates up to 480Mbps. USB 2.0 is an extension of USB 1.1. USB 2.0 is fully compatible with USB 1.1 and uses the same cables and connectors.

Bus Speed

Every bus has a clock speed measured in MHz. This measurement represents the speed in which information and data can move across the bus on the motherboard. A fast bus allows data to be transferred faster, which makes applications run faster. Bus speed is one of the factors which determines the speed of your CPU.

Backside Bus

The backside bus is the microprocessor bus that connects the CPU to a Level 2 cache. Typically, a backside bus runs at a faster clock speed than the frontside bus that connects the CPU to main memory. For example, the Pentium Pro microprocessor actually consists of two chips — one contains the CPU and the primary cache, and the second contains the secondary cache. A backside bus connects the two chips at the same clock rate as the CPU itself (at least 200 MHz). In contrast, the frontside bus runs at only a fraction of the CPU clock speed

Characteristics of a bus

A bus is characterised by the amount of information that can be transmitted at once. This amount, expressed in bits, corresponds to the number of physical lines over which data is sent simultaneously. A 32-wire ribbon cable can transmit 32 bits in parallel. The term "width" is used to refer to the number of bits that a bus can transmit at once. 

Additionally, the bus speed is also defined by its frequency (expressed in Hertz), the number of data packets sent or received per second. Each time that data is sent or received is called a cycle. 

This way, it is possible to find the maximum transfer speed of the bus, the amount of data which it can transport per unit of time, by multiplying its width by its frequency. A bus with a width of 16 bits and a frequency of 133 MHz, therefore, has a transfer speed equal to:

16 * 133.106 = 2128*106 bit/s,
or 2128*106/8 = 266*106 bytes/s
or 266*106 /1000 = 266*103 KB/s
or 259.7*103 /1000 = 266 MB/s

Here is a table which gives the specifications for the most commonly used buses: 
































Standard
Bus width (bits)
Bus speed (MHz)
Bandwidth (MB/sec)
ISA 8-bit
8
8.3
7.9
ISA 16-bit
16
8.3
15.9
EISA
32
8.3
31.8
VLB
32
33
127.2
PCI 32-bit
32
33
127.2
PCI 64-bit 2.1
64
66
508.6
AGP
32
66
254.3
AGP (x2 Mode)
32
66x2
528
AGP (x4 Mode)
32
66x4
1056
AGP (x8 Mode)
32
66x8
2112
ATA33
16
33
33
ATA100
16
50
100
ATA133
16
66
133
Serial ATA (S-ATA)
1
 
180
Serial ATA II (S-ATA2)
2
 
380
USB
1
 
1.5
USB 2.0
1
 
60
FireWire
1
 
100
FireWire 2
1
 
200
SCSI-1
8
4.77
5
SCSI-2 - Fast
8
10
10
SCSI-2 - Wide
16
10
20
SCSI-2 - Fast Wide 32 bits
32
10
40
SCSI-3 - Ultra
8
20
20
SCSI-3 - Ultra Wide
16
20
40
SCSI-3 - Ultra 2
8
40
40
SCSI-3 - Ultra 2 Wide
16
40
80
SCSI-3 - Ultra 160 (Ultra 3)
16
80
160
SCSI-3 - Ultra 320 (Ultra 4)
16
80 DDR
320
SCSI-3 - Ultra 640 (Ultra 5)
16
80 QDR
640 

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